[ˀ]

[ˀ]

Words:

Canton
written
fountain
fatten
bitten
rotten

Notes:
Appears quite often in American English

Velar Stops [k] [g]

[k] voiceless, velar stop (greater intraoral pressure )
[g] voiced, velar stop

[k] [g]
cotton gold
wreck rugged
clique Ghandi
queue lager
squirts aggressive

Minimal pairs:
[k] [g]
crow grow
cane gain
cut gut
cram gram
kill gill
kale gale
luck lug
back bag
broke brogue
shack shag
pluck plug
lacked lagged

Notes:

• velar because stop is formed between the back of the tongue and the anterior portion of the velum
• oral cavity pressure release
• [k] has the most variant spellings

[e, eI]

Height: high - mid
Advancement: front
Lip rounding: retracted
Tense/Lax: tense

Words:
[e] (do not receive primary stress)

chaOtic
Gyrate
PhOnate
MANdate
UNdulate
layETTE
DECade
ROtate

[eI] (because the syllables are either stressed or at the end of a word)

aWAYtouPEE
creATE
TAble
conTAgious
STATed
BAby
BRAID

[I]

Height: high (lower than [I])
Advancement: front
Lip rounding: retracted
Tense/lax: lax

Words:
flit
business
listen
really
whittle
king
pistol
stink
inside
sister
intend
choosy
dreary
steer
prince
kitty

Allographs:
with, ring
gym
guilt
business
baby
been
women
sieve
england, pretty
fear
deer
mirror
weird
pierce
here

NOTE:

• tongue only slight lower than [i]
• [I] does not occur in closed syllables such as in "listen" and "indent"

[i]

Height: high
Advancement: front
Lip rounding: retracted
Tense/Lax: tense

Words:

fleet
TV
Easter
seeks
we
eaves
yeast
edict
eke
creek
reach
receipt
teacher
credence
piece
pilaf

Allographs:
mostquito
she
seizure
reach
keel
key
relieve
amoeba

NOTES:

• Tongue is raised to a high front position in oral cavity
• It is a point vowel
• Mandible is raised during production of [i] because tongue is in high position

TENSE VS. LAX VOWELS

TENSE

[i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɑ, ɝ]

Lax
[I, ɛ, æ, ʊ, Ə, ˄, ɚ]

Alveolar Stops

[t] voiceless, alveolar stop

[d] voiced, alveolar stop

Minimal Pairs:
[t] [d]
talk dock
to do
touch Dutch
troll droll
taffy daffy
tram dram
pat pad
trot trod
state stayed (staid)
straight strayed
trait trade
post posed

Allographs:
toe
looked
doe
waded

Notes:

• apex or blade of the tongue makes contact with alveolar ridge, impeding oral airflow
• the sides of the tongue are placed against upper molars (air can't escape)
• small airtight cavity produced by tongue and teeth so more intraoral pressure is produced
• air burst associated with release of voiceless [t] is greater because intraoral pressure is greater for voiceless cognate
• under certain phonetic contexts velopharyngeal port may open during release of [t] [d] which releases air into nasal cavity i.e. "mutton" and "sudden" (release is thru nasal cavity)
• 
  

Biliabial Stop

[p] voiceless, bilabial stop

[b] voiced, bilabial stop

Minimal pairs:
[p] [b]
pet bet
punt bunt
patch batch
prim brim
packed backed
plead bleed
ape Abe
rip rib
rope robe
lap lab
staple stable
ample amble

Allographs:

pig
apple
bear
blubber

Note:

• airstream is impeded as both lips are brought together
• jaws are almost in closed position
• velopharyngeal port remains closed so that air does not flow in nasal cavity
• upon release of burst of air [p] is more powerful than [b]
• the amount of intraoral pressure is greater for voiceless phonemes
• tongue position is determined by following vowel

Vowel Quadrilateral

Stressed / Unstressed vowel allophones

Stressed

eI
oʊ
˄
ɝ

Unstressed

e
o
ə
ɚ

[o, oʊ]

Height: high mid
Advancement: back
Lip rounding: rounded
Tense/lax: tense

[o] (syllables that contain the vowel are not stressed.

boDAcioius
CroAtion
BroCade
ptoMAINE
RIboflavin
floTILla
proHIBit
roTAtion


[oʊ] the syllables are stressed or are at the end of a word

cone
bowl
PRObate
STOic
BLOATed
beLOW
flow
whole
toad
SLOWer
reMOTE
BELLow

Allographs

open
rose
road
bowl
sew
foe
oh
soul
beau
cafe au lait

[ɔ]

Height: low-mid
Advancement: back
Lip rounding: rounded
Tense/lax: tense


prawn
awl
all
cord
thought
ought
sought
frog
thought
ought
sought
frog
vault
autumn
off
hoard
wrong
gone
soar

Allographs

wrought
laud
lawn
log
call
broad

[ɑ]

Height: low
Advancement: back
Lip rounding: retracted
Tense/Lax: Tense

NOTE: extremely low back articulatory position

rotten
father
bond
plod
ostrich
apart
stop
bronze
posse
latte
car
hans
cause
watch
problem
smart

Allograph

shawl
rob
mart
heart
sergeant

[ə]

Height: mid
Advancement: central
Lip rounding: retracted
Tense/Lax: lax

NOTE: schwa occurs in unstressed syllables in all words

astound
rearrange
roasted
ransom
paraded
tangent
salami
ketchup
plantation
spumoni
mountain
tuna
command
relevant
carousel
undone

Allographs

untrue
cologne
machine
villain
parliament
nation
jealous
merrily
porpoise
happen
surgeon

[˄]

Height: low mid
Advancement: back central
Lip rounding: retracted
Tense/lax: lax

NOTE: is the stressed version of schwa
found in monosyllabic words/ stressed syllables

cud
shuck
tuck
buck
stud
putt
luck
rub
done
bust
dumb
rum
spun
glum
hut
mum
hug
bust
rub
gun
rubbed
rub
trouble
flood
abundance
buton
luncheon
undone
stumble
Monday
luckily
rushing
redundant
mustard
scruptious
public
wonderful

Allographs

crumb
done
flood
does
double

[ɚ]

Height: mid
Advancement: central
lip rounding: rounded
Tense/lax: lax

NOTE: only in unstressed syllables.

pertain
surround
runner
ergonomic
luxury
treasure
under
ferocious
cursor
flirtatious
countered
Saturday
percussion
mattered
Herbert
harbor

Allographs

labor
lunar
urbane
winner
flirtatious
martyr

Rhotic dipthongs

/Ir/ fear, beer

/ɛr/ hair, spare

/ɑr/ star, shark

/ɔI/ court, ward

/ʊr/ tour, lure

[ɝ]

Height: mid
Advancement: central
Lip rounding: rounded
Tense/lax: tense

curse
deter
rehearse
furnace
third
surgeon
purple
service
Thursday
worry
thirsty
percolate
murder
reverse
nursery
aversion

Allographs

word
learn
perk
shirt
curt
Myrtle

Dipthong /aI/

Tongue: low central -high front

lye
fiber
thyme
buy
ice
light
tie
feisty

Allographs

write
sigh
aisle
maestro
my
buy
tried
height
eye
aye

Dipthong /ɔI/

tongue: low-mid back to high front
lips: start rounded then retracted

toy
exploit
join
boisterous
ahoy
foible
flamboyant
coined

Allographs

soy
foil

Dipthong /aʊ/

loud
clown
around
flower
sour
trouser
powder
roused
bough
sow
cowl
row
towel
fowls

allographs

house
cow
bough